United States Constitution: Amendment 1. The Press

FREEDOM OF THE PRESS

Terms

• "Actual malice": False or reckless disregard of whether it was false or reckless." (Monk, 2015, p.152)
• Confidentiality: The ability to keep sources' names confidential.
• Fourth Estate: Refers to the press and the news media.
• Libel: Defaming someone in print.
• Nonprint media: Broadcasting receives limited protection. 
• Prior Restraint: Censorship of a pre-published work.
• Shield law: Law that protects certain categories of people from revelation.
• Source: Someone revealing vital information.
• Yellow journalism: Journalism that relies on "sensationalism and lurid exaggeration to attract readers."

Some important freedom of the press rulings.

• Near v Minnesota (1931):  A prior restraint ruling.
• New York Times v Sullivan (1964): New standard for libel of a public official.
• Red Lion Broadcasting v FCC (1969): Upheld the power of the FCC.
• New York Times v United States (1971): Publication of The Pentagon Papers.
• Nebraska Press Association v Stuart (1976): Press's right to cover details of a murder trial.
• Branzburg v Hayes (1972): Journalists must answer criminal trial or grand jury questions.
• Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell (1988): Patently offensive statements against a public figure
• Cohen v Cowles Media Company (1991: Sources can sue news organization when the organization volunteers to reveal the source. 
• Turner Broadcasting System  v FCC (1997):  "Must carry" law constitutional.

Source: The Bill of Rights: A User's Guide

• 1735. John Peter Zenger's trial.
• 1798. Alien and Sedition Acts
• 1861-1865. Union editors and reporters arrested.
• 1920. American Civil Liberties was born.
• 1941. War Powers Act creates Censorship Office.
• 1943. Esquire Magazine from second-class postage.
• 1950. McCarran Internal Security Act.
• 1954. The Comics Code.
• 1971. The Pentagon Papers.
• 1996. Communication Decency Act.

What is Satire?

Merriam-Webster defines satire as:
1.a literary work holding up human vices and follies to ridicule or scorn.
2: trenchant wit, irony, or sarcasm used to expose and discredit vice or folly.

According to James L. Walker of the First Amendment Encyclopedia, satire is protected speech.

10 Satirical Novels

1. Don Quixote by Miguel Cervantes
2. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy by Douglas Adams
3. Lucky Jim by Kingsley Amis
4. No Way to Treat a First Lady by Christopher Buckley
5. The Master and Margarita by Mikhail Bulgakov
6. Don Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes
7. The Good Soldier Svejk by Jaroslav Hasek
8. Catch-22 by Joseph Heller
9. Animal Farm by George Orwell
10. A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift

Ida B. Wells, Journalist and Publisher
Advocate for a Free Press
Public Domain

Other Famous Newspaper and News Magazine Publishers

• Benjamin Franklin, publisher of Poor Richard's Almanack.
• Charles Foster Kane, main character in the movie, Citizen Kane.
• Katharine Graham, publisher of the Washington Post.
• William Randolph Hearst Sr, founder of the Hearst Newspaper chain. 
• Hugh Hefner, magazine publisher
• Henry Luce, founder of Time Magazine.
• Joseph Pulitzer, newspaper publisher.
• Gloria Steinem, co-founder of Ms Magazine.
• Jann Werner, founder of Rolling Stone.
• John Peter Zenger, colonial publisher.

2. Cabin in the Woods (2011)
3. Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb (1964)
4. Inglorious Basterds (2009)
5. M.A.S.H. ( 1970)
6. Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979)
7. Network (1976)
8. The Stepford Wives (1975)
9. This is Spinal Tap: A Rockumentary (1984)
10. The Truman Show (1998)

2. The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle and Friends (TV)
3. The Daily Show (TV)
4. Get Smart (TV)
5. In Living Color (TV)
6. Mad Magazine (Magazine)
7. The National Lampoon (Magazine)
8. The Onion (Magazine & Website)
9. Saturday Night Live (TV)
10. South Park (TV)