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History of Horror: Ghosts & the Haunted

A cultural history.

Hearing a ghost

The Ghost Story is as old as The Epic of Gilgamesh, The Bible and the ancient Greeks. Originally ghosts appeared to an individual to warn of a situation. The Old Testament tells the story of the ghost of the Prophet Samuel appearing to King Saul and predicting Saul's death. Odysseus goes to the Underworld to find out from his father what is going on back home in Ithaca. The first story we hear of a haunting of a house by a ghost is told by the Roman Pliny the Younger. Shakespeare uses ghostly appearances to predict events or to seek revenge. Remember Hamlet's father. As the ghost story moved into modern times, they became creatures haunting particular places or people.

"Then I set down in a chair by the window and tried to think of something cheerful, but it warn't no use. I felt so lonesome I wished I was dead. The stars was shining, and the leaves rustled in the wood ever so mournful; and I heard an owl, away off, who-whooing about somebody that was going to die; and the wind was trying to whisper something to me and I couldn't make out what it was, and so it made the cold shivers run over me. Then away out in the woods I heard that kind of a sound that a ghost makes when it wants to tell something that's on its mind and can't make itself understood, and so can't rest easy in its grave and has to go about that way every night grieving."--Huckleberry Finn in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (Twain, pp.239-240).

Ghost Stories

  • 1820. Story: "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" by Washington Irving.
  • 1843. Novel: A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens.
  • 1848. The Fox sisters begin the Spiritualist Movement in New York State.
  • 1882. The Society for Psychical Research founded.
  • 1886. Associated Press reports use of the Ouija Board.
  • 1898. Novel: The Turn of the Screw by Henry James.
  • 1904. Story Collection: Ghost Stories of an Antiquary by M. R. James
  • 1910. Story: "Afterward" by Edith Wharton.
  • 1923. BBC Radio first broadcasts its annual Ghost Story for Christmas.
  • 1926. Story Collection: Cynthia Asquith's The Ghost Book.
  • 1933. Film: The Ghoul.
  • 1937. Comedy Film: Topper.
  • 1938. Book: Rebecca  by Daphne du Maurier.
  • 1940. Film: Alfred Hitchcock's Rebecca.
  • 1941. Story: "Smoke Ghost"  by Fritz Leiber.
  • 1945. Stories: The Demon Lover by Elizabeth Bowen.
  • 1945. Comedy Film: Blythe Spirit.
  • 1945-1959. Cartoon series: Casper the Friendly Ghost.
  • 1947. Romantic Fantasy: The Ghost and Mrs. Muir.
  • 1961. Film: The Innocents (an adaptation of Henry James' The Turn of the Screw).
  • 1965. Japanese Film: Kwaidan.
  • 1973. Film: Don't Look Now.
  • 1979. Book: Ghost Story by Peter Straub.
  • 1980. Film: The Fog.
  • 1983. Book: The Woman in Black by Susan Hill.
  • 1984. Comedy: Ghostbusters.
  • 1990. Romantic Fantasy: Ghost.
  • 1999. Film: Sleepy Hollow.
  • 2001. Story: "Sea Oak" in George Saunders Short Story Collection, Pastoralia. 
  • 2007. Novel: Heart Shaped Box by Joe Hill.
  • 2007. Film: Paranormal Activity.
  • 2012. Animated Film: ParaNorman.
  • 2015: Story: "My Father's Mask" by Joe Hill.

Haunted Places

Winchester Mystery House

Winchester Mystery House (door to nowhere), 525 S. Winchester Blvd. San Jose
Author: Spiel Used under CC BY-SA 3.0

  • Alcatraz Prison; San Francisco Bay.
  • The Amityville Horror House; Long Island, New York.
  • Craigdarroch Castle; the National Historic Site & Museum on Vancouver Island, British Columbia.
  • The Dakota; New York City.
  • The Edgar Allan Poe House; Baltimore, Maryland.
  • The Headless Horseman's Haunts; Sleepy Hollow, New York.
  • New Orleans, Louisiana.
  • The Royal Victoria Hospita; Montreal, Quebec.
  • The Stanley Hotel; Estes Park, Colorado (The Shining Hotel)

Source: The world's most haunted places: Creepy, ghostly, and notorious spots.

Haunted Place Stories

"It was an evil house from the beginning--a house that was born bad."--Dr. John Markway, The Haunting.

  • 1851. Book: House of Seven Gables by Nathaniel Hawthorne.
  • 1926, Story: "A Recluse" by Walter de la Mare.
  • 1944. Film: The Uninvited.
  • 1947. Film: The Lost Moment.
  • 1950. Story: "There Will Come Soft Rains" by Ray Bradbury.
  • 1959. Book: The Haunting of Hill House by Shirley Jackson.
  • 1971. Book: Hell House by Richard Matheson.
  • 1973. Book: Burnt Offerings by Robert Marasco.
  • 1973. Film: The Legend of Hell House.
  • 1977. Book: The Shining by Stephen King.
  • 1978. Book: The House Next Door, by Anne Rivers Siddons
  • 1979. Film: The Amityville Horror.
  • 1980. Film: Stanley Kubrick's The Shining.
  • 1980. Film: The Changeling.
  • 1982. Film: Poltergeist.
  • 1999. Film: The Blair Witch Project.
  • 2001. Film: The Others.
  • 2007. Film: The Orphanage.
  • 2011. Film: The Devil's Backbone.
  • 2015. Film: Crimson Peak.

Additional References

Cardin, M. (2017). Horror literature through history an encyclopedia of the stories that speak to our deepest fears (Kindle) Greenwood.
Jones, D. (2021). Horror a very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
King, S. (2010). Danse macabre. Gallery. 
Landis, J. (2016). Monsters in the movies: 100 Years of Cinematic nightmares. DK. 
Luckhurst, R. (2018). The Astounding Illustrated History of Fantasy & Horror. Flame Tree Publishing.
Life Books. (2018). The world's most haunted places: Creepy, ghostly, and notorious spots. 
Turitz, N. and Zimmerman, B. (2020). Horror: An illustrated history of vampires, zombies, monsters & more. Centennial Books, an imprint of Centennial Media, LLC. 
Twain, M. (1991). Tom Sawyer ; and, Huckleberry Finn. Knopf.